englanti |
puhekieltä suffix used with hänen (the genitive of the personal pronoun hän) or heidän (the genitive of the personal pronoun heFinnish he), corresponds to the English possessive pronouns his, her; their (only of people); in some cases its (see the usage notes below):
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hänen yhtiönsä (yhtiö > + -nsä, not -nsa -nsa)
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*his/her company (meaning a corporation)
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hänen ääni äänensä: (ääni > + -nsä)
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*his/her voice
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hänen kirjeensä: (kirje > + -nsä)
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*his/her letter (meaning a written message)
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heidän kirjeensä
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*their letter
puhekieltä appended to a genitive-requiring :Category:Finnish postpositions|postposition that includes front vowels and that is after hänen (the genitive of the personal pronoun hän), him, her; them (only of people):
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hänen edessänsä = in front of him/her
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heidän edessänsä = in front of them
puhekieltä used in a participle structure replacing an "että" clause, preceded by a verb expressing e.g. telling, claiming, asserting, confirming, thinking, wish, desire, seeming, when the clauses have the same subject "he", "she" or "they" (only of people); appended to the active present participle in genitive singular (that includes front vowels) when the action is concurrent with the main clause:
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hän Hän sanoa sanoi tekevänsä läksyjänsä. (having front vowels (here Äs), the verb tehdä, turned into tekevän, requires -nsä)
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*He said that he was doing his homework. (similar to the Latin structure accusativus cum infinitivo, e.g. "seLatin se dicere dicit facere")
puhekieltä used in a participle structure replacing an "että" clause, preceded by a verb expressing e.g. telling, claiming, asserting, confirming, thinking, wish, desire, seeming, when the clauses have the same subject "he", "she" or "they" (only of people); appended to :Category:Finnish singular active past participle genitive forms|the active past participle in genitive singular (that includes front vowels) when the said/alleged (etc.) action antedates the main clause:
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he He väittää väittivät tehnyt tehneensä läksynsä.
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*They claimed to have been doing their homework.
puhekieltä used in a shortened sentence expressing concurrent actions when the clauses have the same subject "he", "she" or "they" (only of people), appended to :Category:Finnish active second infinitives in inessive|the inessive of the active second infinitive (that includes front vowels).
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tehdessä Tehdessänsä läksyjänsä hän kuulla kuuli laukaus laukauksen ulkoa. (also the shorter form Tehdessään accepted — see the usage notes below)
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*(While) doing her homework, she heard a shot from outside.
puhekieltä used in a shortened sentence expressing subsequent actions when the clauses have the same subject "he", "she" or "they" (only of people), appended to :Category:Finnish singular passive past participle partitive forms|the partitive of the passive past participle singular (that includes front vowels).
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tehty Tehtyänsä läksynsä he kuulivat laukauksen ulkoa. (also the shorter form Tehtyään accepted — see the usage notes below)
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*(After) having done / After doing their homework, they heard a shot from outside.
puhekieltä used in a final shortened sentence expressing "in order to do" when the clauses have the same subject "he", "she" or "they" (only of people), appended to :Category:Finnish long first infinitives|the long first infinitive (that includes front vowels).
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tehdäkseen Tehdäksensä läksynsä hyvin hän mennä meni hiljainen hiljaiseen huoneeseen. (also the shorter form Tehdäkseen accepted — see the usage notes below)
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*(In order) to do his homework well, he went into a quiet room.
puhekieltä Used in some :Category:Finnish predicative adverbials|adverbs that include front vowels, when the clause has the subject "he", "she" or "they" (only of people).
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heFinnish He ollaFinnish olivat hyvin häpeissään häpeissänsä häviöstä. (also the shorter form häpeissään accepted — see the usage notes below)
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*They were very ashamed of the defeat.
puhekieltä Always appended to a noun in :w:comitative case|the comitative case (that includes front vowels) when the clause has the subject "he", "she" or "they" (only of people).
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hän Hän kävellä käveli kirjeineen kirjeinensä ovi ovesta ulos. (also the shorter form kirjeineen kirjeineen accepted — see the usage notes below)
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*S/he walked with his/her letters out the door.
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